Friday, November 22, 2019
Superb electric cars you should know about
Superb electric cars you should know about 5 coolest electric cars in the world No doubt, electric cars can be called the automobiles of the future. Though a lot of people only start to accept these vehicles, trying to make a step forward from petrol consuming cars. The industry develops greatly and there are a lot of descent representatives among the electric cars range, which will astonish you and will not leave you indifferent. Our nature friendly future welcomes such cars and we suggest you to reveal all design and functionality options of these progressive cars. Tesla Model X A lot of specialists consider this car the coolest for now. Tesla Model X has outstanding design; its Falcon Wing doors give it special elegancy and refinement. The interior attracts its buyers with the windshield, which is panoramic, and touch screen for functions controlling. There are three models of this car available: Model 75D, Model 90D and Model P90D. All of them have two engines and differ in battery capacity and engine power. The car can have five, six or seven seats and its price range is from 132 to 142 thousand dollars. However, Tesla Inc. already plans issue of new breakthrough model in 2019. So, letââ¬â¢s arm ourselves with patience and see what the company has designed for customers and whether it can surprise us. Audi R8 e-tron Cool design of this car can hardly leave someone without interest. Two electric engines, which total capacity reach more than 450 horsepower, make it possible to move with 280 kilometers per hour. Huge lithium-ion battery is located in the bottom of the car and makes it possible to have rides with the 450 kilometers without additional charging, in comparison to 215 kilometers, which could drive its predecessor. The carââ¬â¢s charging station requires only two hours for charging the battery. The functional capabilities and outstanding design make this car a superb model for those, who want to own an electric car. Renovo Motors Coupe Designers of the Renovo Coupe developed design of this car similar to sport car exterior of the 60-70th. The retro style, combined with the classical interior, makes this car unique and not alike others. The classical interior is distinguished by the liquid-crystal control panel and astonishes with its luxury style. Electric engine of the Renovo Coupe has the 500 horsepower capacity and enables to pick-up the speed from 0 to 100 kilometers per hour in 3-4 seconds. The maximal speed of the car equals 194 kilometers per hour, which is quite impressive, taking into account the heavy weight of the car. The approximate price of the car is about 529,000 dollars and for sure it will be available to a limited number of people, but driving this car will be a great experience for any of us. Morgan EV3 The car is made by the British constructors and represents by itself an untypical automobile. You can drive almost 240 kilometers without charging and pick up to 145 kilometers per hour. If you want to be an owner of such unusual car, be ready to spend from 40,000 to 50,000 dollars. The only thing you should bear in mind is that this automobile has no top. So there can be two options, drive this car only when the weather is fine or get adjusted to any weather conditions. Honda CR-Z prototype This electric car is distinguished from the above mentioned cars by its four engines, which together make 450 horsepower.à The car is extremely fast and is designed for sport racings. Thus, in 2015 the car won the 11th place in overall and first in the Exhibition Class at the Pikeââ¬â¢s Peak International Hill Climb. However, the idea with four engines is great; it still requires some improvements and modifications. Presumably, Honda will deal with this question in the nearest future. Apparently, these are the coolest electric automobiles nowadays. Unfortunately, they are unavailable for ordinary people, who ride bikes to work or students, who have a lot of concerns with their academic papers and limited budget. Anyhow, follow the latest researches and constructions and you never know, maybe tomorrow you will be driving one of those cuties.
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Change Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words
Change Managment - Essay Example As the discussion declaresà managers today face constant change and they are often exposed to various challenges. Against this background, this paper has been designed to critically analyse the extent to which the concepts of management and leadership impact on the change process in a given organization.à This paper highlights thatà change is either unplanned or planned alteration in the mode of carrying out activities or the status quo. Change is about making things differently and in case of planned change, it can be seen that the change activities are goal oriented and they are intentional. Both internal and external factors can necessitate change in a particular organization. The internal factors that can influence change in an organization include human resources issues while external factors include economic, social, political as well as technological issues.à It is important for organizations to conceptualise change as the gap that exists between the current status qu o and the desired objective. In order to achieve this feat, change has to be properly planned and there are many issues that are involved in carrying out this initiative. Drawing from the case given in patch1 attached, it can be observed that managing change is a process that requires concerted efforts especially by the leaders responsible for the change process.à There are quite a number of activities that are involved in change management such as initiating change, planning, action plan as well as stabilising the change results.
Tuesday, November 19, 2019
Understanding Research in Social Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Understanding Research in Social Work - Essay Example 3) Quality of the article: The article met the conditions of a good research article since it had an abstract or the summary of the methods and findings, background to the study in terms of aims/objectives and justification or rationale for the study. Additionally, he article included a literature review stating what is already known about the topic and gaps in knowledge. 5) Conclusion: Manthorpe, Goodman, Harari, Swift, and Iliffe article was extensive and addressed the objectives of the study. The data reflected the situation for the target population since it entailed interviewing individual as well as groups. The sample was large and thus meaningful inferences on the target population were obtained. Manthorpe, Goodman, Harari, Swift, and Iliffeââ¬â¢s article Smarter Working in Social and Healthà Care: Professional Perspectives on a Newà Technology for Risk Appraisalà with Older Peopleà focuses on a report by Smarter Working in Social care and Health (SWISH). The report was a feedback on how an information technology system for assessment of old people in the society can be improved. The report suggested that it would be more appropriate to use feedback information obtained from the old people themselves to develop health and social programs for them. The research involved two qualitative studies done in different regions within London that aimed at developing a method that would enable assessment of the information regarding old people to determine those who were at risk. Additionally, the study intended to investigate the applicability of such a method in enriching public sector information and empower the local communities report cases of old people at risk. This p aper is a qualitative analysis of Smarter Working in Social and Health Care: Professional Perspectives on a Newà Technology for Risk Appraisalà with Older People. The paper will critically discuss
Saturday, November 16, 2019
Hamilton county judges Essay Example for Free
Hamilton county judges Essay Hamilton County judges try thousands of cases per year. In an overwhelming majority of the cases disposed, the verdict stands as rendered. However, some cases are appealed, and of those appealed, some of the cases ae reversed. Kristen DelGuzzi of The Cincinnati Enquirer conducted a study of case handled by Hamilton County judges over the years 1994 through 1996 (The Cincinnati Enquirer, January 11, 1998). Shown in Judge.xls are the results for 182,908 cases handled (disposed) by 38 judges in Common Pleas Court, Domestic Relation Court, and Municipal Court. Two of the judges (Dinkelacker and Hogan) did not serve in the same court for the entire three-year period. The purpose of the newspapeââ¬â¢s study was to evaluate the performance of the judges. Appeals are often the result of mistakes made by judges, and the newspaper wanted to know which judges were doing a good job and which were making too many mistakes. You are called in to assis in the data analysis. Use your knowledge of probability and conditional probability to help with the ranking of the judges. You also may be able to analyze the likelihood of appeal and reversal for cases handled by different courts. Managerial Report Prepare a report with your rankings of the judges. Also, include an analysis of the likelihood of appeal and case reversal in the three courts. At a minimum, your report should incluse the following: a. The probability of cases being appealed and reversed in the thee different courts. b. The probability of a case being appealed for each judge. c. The probability of a case being reversed for each judge. d. The probability of reversal given an appeal for each judge. e. Rank the judges within each court. State the criteria you used and provide a rational for your choice.
Thursday, November 14, 2019
The Roles of WWI and WWII in International Politics Essay -- History W
Throughout the field of international politics, many things forward the change of thinking and many cause futile argument and heated debate amongst international relations theorists and politicians alike, but none do this more than the subject of war. War has long been on the minds of the greatest thinkers the world has known, from Aristotleââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"A Treatise on Governmentâ⬠(322BC) through, Machiavelli, Da Vinci to more recent thinkers and philosophers of our time. Theories have clashed violently over the subject and no other wars have had such a significant impact as World War I or World War II. They have become staple points for debate, and the basisââ¬â¢ of theories themselves, not just for war, but for the eventualities of other world-changing factors. The question of which war has had more impact on thinking about International Politics has puzzled intellectuals since the Second World War commenced. Not like many would think, at the end of World War II, simply the advent and prospect of another ââ¬ËGreat Warââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ immediately changed opinion. Realists sat smugly back as Liberal Internationalists ideals were thrown out. The questions began. How has the start of this war altered our previous ideals? How will it change world opinion? How on earth are we going to win another war? And the questions never stop, to this day, we evidently are still discussing the outcomes and impact of each World War, and of their collective impact. Unlike many of the great debates throughout International Politics, there is no ââ¬Ëgeneral consensusââ¬â¢ to subscribe to on this subject of thought. You may still freely choose World War II or shown here, World War I, and find plentiful evidence to shape and back up your theory, that ââ¬Å"The Great Warâ⬠had a greater impac... ...ations Theory. Routledge Goldmann K., 1994 Logic Of Internationalism - Coercion and accommodation. Routledge Gray C. S., 2007. WAR, PEACE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS. An Introduction to Strategic History. Routledge Griffiths M. 1992. Realism, Idealism and International Politics - A reinterpretation. Routledge Morgenthau H., 1948. Politics Among Nations. New York, Knopf Nye S. J. Jr. and Keohane O. R., 1971. Transnational Relations and World Politics. Harvard University Press Rengger N. J., 2000. International Relations, Political Theory and the Problem of Order. Routledge Sheffield, G., 2001. Forgotten Victory: The First World War - Myths and Realities. Headline Review Wendt A., 1999. Social Theory of International Politics. Camebridge University Press Waltz K., 198.1 The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: More May Better. Adelphi Papers, Number 171 The Roles of WWI and WWII in International Politics Essay -- History W Throughout the field of international politics, many things forward the change of thinking and many cause futile argument and heated debate amongst international relations theorists and politicians alike, but none do this more than the subject of war. War has long been on the minds of the greatest thinkers the world has known, from Aristotleââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"A Treatise on Governmentâ⬠(322BC) through, Machiavelli, Da Vinci to more recent thinkers and philosophers of our time. Theories have clashed violently over the subject and no other wars have had such a significant impact as World War I or World War II. They have become staple points for debate, and the basisââ¬â¢ of theories themselves, not just for war, but for the eventualities of other world-changing factors. The question of which war has had more impact on thinking about International Politics has puzzled intellectuals since the Second World War commenced. Not like many would think, at the end of World War II, simply the advent and prospect of another ââ¬ËGreat Warââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ immediately changed opinion. Realists sat smugly back as Liberal Internationalists ideals were thrown out. The questions began. How has the start of this war altered our previous ideals? How will it change world opinion? How on earth are we going to win another war? And the questions never stop, to this day, we evidently are still discussing the outcomes and impact of each World War, and of their collective impact. Unlike many of the great debates throughout International Politics, there is no ââ¬Ëgeneral consensusââ¬â¢ to subscribe to on this subject of thought. You may still freely choose World War II or shown here, World War I, and find plentiful evidence to shape and back up your theory, that ââ¬Å"The Great Warâ⬠had a greater impac... ...ations Theory. Routledge Goldmann K., 1994 Logic Of Internationalism - Coercion and accommodation. Routledge Gray C. S., 2007. WAR, PEACE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS. An Introduction to Strategic History. Routledge Griffiths M. 1992. Realism, Idealism and International Politics - A reinterpretation. Routledge Morgenthau H., 1948. Politics Among Nations. New York, Knopf Nye S. J. Jr. and Keohane O. R., 1971. Transnational Relations and World Politics. Harvard University Press Rengger N. J., 2000. International Relations, Political Theory and the Problem of Order. Routledge Sheffield, G., 2001. Forgotten Victory: The First World War - Myths and Realities. Headline Review Wendt A., 1999. Social Theory of International Politics. Camebridge University Press Waltz K., 198.1 The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: More May Better. Adelphi Papers, Number 171
Monday, November 11, 2019
Describe the cognitive processes required when preparing for examinations
Introduction The aim of the present paper was to investigate and discuss the cognitive processes involved in the preparation for exams. The paper covers the background of cognitive psychology, discussing the separate faculties of cognitive processing. It then goes on to discuss the specific faculties of attention and memory, as these were two fundamental mechanisms included in the literature when taking into account the learning and memorisation of information. Discussion about the cognitive processes involved in attention and memory is incorporated in to the paper, and suggestions on how students can use cognitive techniques to enhance the performance of these cognitive processes whilst preparing for exams are subsumed. The paper concludes with the suggestion that the working memory model as proposed by Baddeley & Hitch (1974) is the main cognitive process involved in exam preparation. The term ââ¬Å"cognitionâ⬠is derived from the Latin word ââ¬Å"cognoscereâ⬠which when translated in to the English language, denotes the meaning ââ¬Å"to knowâ⬠. Hence, cognitive psychology is concerned with the scientific study of human cognition. Processes such as perception, learning, judgement, decision making and memory are some of the mechanisms that constitute as cognitive ability. The fundamental aim of researchers in the field of cognitive psychology is to establish how individuals acquire and apply knowledge and information to and from their environments (Lu & Dosher, 2007). Knowledge through perception is attained by way of the five senses where different aspects of the information such as form and motion represent various different features of the stimuli (Livingstone & Hubel, 1988; Ungerleider & Mishkin, 1982; Julesz, 1971). The purpose of learning is to improve the response of the individual to their environment (Kandel, 1976; Estes, 1969). Thus, thr oughout the psychological literature on cognitive processing, emphasis has been based on the effect of prior experience and procedural knowledge on an individualââ¬â¢s performance (Roediger, 1990). The attention function of the cognitive process manages information so that the mind operates efficiently without becoming overloaded. This is done through selective processing, whereby certain pieces of information are elected for processing. Additionally, the attention faculty may also manage the intake of simultaneous pieces of information by dividing and distributing the resources applied to them (Broadbent, 1957; Posner, 1980; Treisman, 1969). The judgement and decision making faculty of cognitive processing is required for the individual to effectively perform a voluntary behaviour. The choice that the individual makes may be driven by implicit or explicit judgement and selection, implicating that the individual may have a conscious or unconscious cause for their decision (von Ne umann & Morgenstern 1944; Luce, 1959). Yet, the most developed aspect of cognitive psychology and the study of cognitive processes is the faculty of memory. Memory studies place considerable emphasis on investigating the methods in which memories are acquired, stored and retrieved. Research provides indication that the capacity of memory is divided to perform separate duties such as retaining information about the environment, procedures, skills and running the working memory mechanism (Cowan, 1995; Dosher, 1999). The essay at hand endeavours to discuss which cognitive processes are employed during preparation for an exam, with specific references to the attention and memory functions of the brain, as these are the two functions that go hand in hand when retaining and recalling information (Cherry, 2014). The aptitude to process information selectively through attention, and retain information in a way in which is accessible through the working memory are two imperative aspects of c ognitive capacity. While evidence indicates that attention plays little role in the maintenance of information encoded in the memory (Fougnie, 2008), it has been suggested that there are strong links between the working memory and attention faculties of the cognitive mind during the encoding and manipulation process of knowledge acquisition (Cherry 2014; Fougnie, 2008). Theoretical models of the working memory commonly describe a role for attention. However, between these different models, the exact role for attention has not been agreed on and remains vaguely unclear, thus debates about which processing stage that attentional selection occurs (Fougnie, 2008). The most widely accepted model of memory is the Working Memory Model proposed by Baddeley and Hitch in 1974. In this model, attention is the mediator between sensory memory and the central executive, where sub functions such as the phonological store and the visuospatial sketch pad, two short term memory stores, hold short ter m auditory and visual information respectively. These are known as the ââ¬Ëslave systemsââ¬â¢ and provide evidence as to how humans are able to multitask. According to the working memory model, the information from these slave systems are then transferred back to the central executive whereby they are encoded in the long-term memory (Fougnie, 2008). These findings provide an outline to which cognitive processes occur during exam preparation, where students attempt to retain information that they will later on retrieve. Yet, further research suggests that learning and retaining information for exams may be a more complex procedure than those outlined by memory models (Hill, 2009). Ebbinghaus (1885) investigated the method in which the retention and forgetting of information occur. The establishment of the forgetting curve provided insight into how memories dissipate over a period of time (Groome, Brace, Dewart, Edgar, Edgar, Esgate, Kemp, Pike & Stafford, 2006). Similarly, Bart lettââ¬â¢s Story Recall experiment (1932) lent insight to the notion that information is required to hold semantic value in order to be remembered (Groome, et al., 2006). Thus, according to Hill (2009), the most effective ways for students to memorise information for their exams is through repetition, elaboration and organisation. To further elaborate on the suggestions of Ebbinghaus (1885), Bartlett (1932) and Hill (2009), researchers proposed several studies in sustenance. Ebbinghaus (1885) further stated that in order to avoid forgetting and enhance memory, repetition was significantly valuable. Making use of the ââ¬Ëmindââ¬â¢s voiceââ¬â¢, the phonological loop, the cycle of learning and accurately recalling strengthens the memory, thus making exam preparation easier as less time will be required to re-learn the material, hence why revising for exams more than once improves recall (Hill, 2009). Moreover, in favour of Bartlett (1932), it has been found that information possessing semantic value is recalled more efficiently (Craik & Tulving, 1975; Ley, 1978). It may be hypothesised that the explanation of is deduced to the attention function of the working memory selecting meaningful information in order to enhance the individualââ¬â¢s performance based on prior learning and experience. Based on these findings, mnemonics may be suggested as an effective revision tool, since associating information with vivid visual imagery and words has proven enhanced recall (Bower, 1972). Furthermore, presenting information in a structured manner in which meaning is conveyed has been found to facilitate recall (Hill, 2009). By grouping or ordering materials in an organised manner, the individual will take advantage of the mindââ¬â¢s existing method of representing information semantically, thus making the information easier to encode and retrieve through memory. For example, Ley et al (1978) found that presenting medical information to patients in an organ ised and structured way improved their recall up to 25%. Thus, it is suggested that students adequately organise their learning materials in a semantic manner in order to prepare for their exams in the most resourceful way. Although the literature has provided rich evidence to support the notion that the memory and attention faculties play a major role in exam preparation, there are also relevant limitations in need of addressing. The working memory model has been criticised as being invalid, as when new studies propose findings that do not fit with the current working memory model, the working memory model is modified in order to accommodate the new findings. This makes it difficult to falsify the model or replace it with a new one, and indicates that any research findings based on the working memory model are void (Neath & Nairne , 1995). Moreover, the findings of Ebbinghaus (1885) have been questioned, as the subject of his study was himself. Without any objective findings, resea rchers believe the results of the forgetting curve to be unreliable (Hill, 2009). Despite these criticisms, later research based on both the working memory model and the forgetting curve has successfully uncovered new findings on the cognitive processes involved in memory (Groome, et al., 2006). In conclusion, the findings in the literature have lent ample support to the notion that exam preparation heavily relies on the cognitive processes of attention and memory. The literature has indicated that these two faculties work conjointly in order to achieve long-term memory. Studies on the Working Memory Model have identified the specific roles of the two cognitive processes, and the literature has provided further support on how the working memory model is vital in exam revision through detailed descriptions of these functions. Studies on memory retention and forgetting have implicated that repetition, elaboration and organisation are the key skills that an individual needs to employ whist preparing for exams in order to maintain an optimal memory capacity for the revised information. Regardless of the limitations associated with the research done on memory, the working memory model still stands as a strong representative for the cognitive process involved in exam preparation. References Baddeley, A.D. & Hitch, G.J. (1974). Working memory, in G.H. Bower (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory. Vol. VIII. 47-90, New York: Academic Press. Bartlett, F.C. (1932). Remembering. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bower, G.H. (1972). Mental imagery and associative learning. In L. Gregg (Ed.), Cognition in Learning and Memory, 51-88. Broadbent, D. E. (1957) A mechanical model for human attention and immediate memory. Psychological Review, 64. 205-215. Cherry, K. (2014). Top 10 Memory Improvement Tips. Retrieved from: http://psychology.about.com/od/cognitivepsychology/tp/memory_tips.htm Accessed: 12/03/14 Craik, F.I.M. & Tulving, E. (1975). Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, General, 104. 268-294. Cowan, N. (1995) Attention and memory: an integrated framework. New York: Oxford University Press. Dosher, B.A. (1999) Item interference and time delays in working memory: Immediate serial recall. International Journal of Psychology Special Issue: Short term/working memory, 34. 276-284. Ebbinghaus, H. (1885). Uber das Gedachtnis. Untersuchungen zur experimentellen Psychologie. Leipzig: Dunker & Humbolt. Estes, W. K. (1969) Reinforcement in human learning. In J. Tapp (Ed.), Reinforcement and behavior. New York: Academic Press. Fougnie, D. (2008). The Relationship Between Attention and Working Memory. New Research on Short Term Memory. 1-45. Groome, D., Brace, N., Dewart, H., Edgar, G., Edgar, H., Esgate, A., Kemp, R., Pike, G. & Stafford, D. (2006). An introduction to cognitive psychology. Processes and disorders. Second Edition. East Sussex: Psychology Press. Hill, G. (2009). AS & A Level Psychology Through Diagrams: Oxford Revision Guides. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Julesz, B. (1971). Foundations of cyclopean perception. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kandel, E. R. (1976) Cellular basis of behavior: An introduction to behavioural neurobiology. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. Livingstone, M.S. and Hubel, D.H. (1988) Segregation of form, colour, movement and depth: Anatomy, physiology and perception. Science, 240. 740ââ¬â749. Ley, P. (1978) Memory for medical information. In Gruneberg, M.M., Morris, P.E. & Sykes, R.N. (eds) Practical Aspects of Memory. London: Academic Press. Lu, Z.L. & Dosher, B.A. (2007). Cognitive Psychology. Scholarpedia.2(8), 2769. Luce, D. R. (1959) Individual choice behavior; a theoretical analysis. New York: Wiley. Neath, I. & Nairne, J.S. (1995). Word length effects in immediate memory: Overwriting the trace decay theory. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 2, 429-441. Posner, M.I. (1980). Orienting of attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32, 3-25. Roediger III, H. L. (2002) Processing approaches to cognition: The impetus from the levels-of-processing framework. Memory, 10. 319-332. Treisman, A. M. (1969) Strategies and models of selective attention. Psychological Review, 76. 282-299. Ungerleider, L.G. & Mishkin, M. (1982) In D.J. Ingle, M.A. Goodale, & R.J.W. Mansfield (Eds.). Analysis of visual behavior. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. von Neumann, J. & Morgenstern, O. (1944). Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
Saturday, November 9, 2019
Acquiring the Human Language-Playing the Language Game
1.What arguments in support of language as an innate ability are brought up in the film? This video is about a great mystery; how do children acquire language without seeming to learn it and how do they do so many things with so little life experience. 2.Explain the ambiguity of the question asked by Jill de Villiers to both children and graduate students: ââ¬Å"When did the boy say he hurt himself?â⬠Why is this question ambiguous and why is it interesting to note that this question is ambiguous? Question was ââ¬Å"When did the boy say he hurt himself?â⬠and there are 2 answers to this question. If focus on When said, the answer is ââ¬Å"in the bathtub.â⬠However when it focus on When fallen, the answer is ââ¬Å"climbing the treeâ⬠And it is very interesting because they found that children will give only 1 answer when given unambiguous sentence ââ¬Å"When did the boy say HOW he hurt himselfâ⬠, ââ¬Å"in the bathtub.â⬠By this experiment, we can conclude that a child must have some kind of knowledge of syntactic structure because nobody had ever taught the child about this. 3.List some of the fundamental questions regarding language learning/language acquisition that are discussed in the film and explain how are linguists trying to answer these questions. (What questions do linguists ask and what kind of evidence do they look for to answer them?) The original theory on how languages are learned was it is learned by imitation. However, linguists found that child not only imitate adult but produces brand-new sentences. And the fundamental questions were raised, if we donââ¬â¢t learn by imitation, how do we learn? So linguists try to prove that acquiring language is different from learning other things by some experiments. 4.Mention some of the evidence in the film presented as evidence AGAINST the imitation theory of language learning. Child can produce brand-new sentence and they make errors. They can understand quite complex sentence in early age. 5.The film (Chomsky) claim that acquiring language is different from kinds of learning. What does he mean? It means we seem to learn language with different say from leaning other difficult things such as playing the trumpet and riding bicycle. It is not learned by practice, or by imitation. 6.What proof is there that analogy is not the explanation for first language learning? With the sentence ââ¬Å"I painted the red barnâ⬠, we can substitute color word, and it is acceptable. If we switch the last two words, it is still acceptable. So by analogy, child will extend this to other verb ââ¬Å"seeâ⬠and create new sentence. ââ¬Å"I saw a read barn.â⬠And a concept of analogy doesnââ¬â¢t work for switching last two words, since I saw a bard red is broken sentence. And also, with sentence ââ¬Å"Taro ateâ⬠it means he ate something but this something is not his shoes or hat. Another proof that analogy is not the explanation of first language learning is the verb ââ¬Å"growâ⬠can mean differently in the sentence such as ââ¬Å"John grows tomatoesâ⬠and ââ¬Å"John grows.â⬠Analogy is wildly broken and cannot explain first language learning. 7.Observe the details of the experiment with the 16-month old babies who are shown Cookie Monster and Big Bird. Explain the experimentââ¬â¢s design, including the question posed by the researchers and the conclusions they reach regarding childrenââ¬â¢s acquisition of syntax based on the results of this study. The experiment design is showing two films simultaneously to babies. And asks to find the same scene with the explanation, Cookie monster washing Big Bird and Big Bird feeding Cookie Monster. The questions behind the study was will the child look more at the screen that matches the language that they are hearing. And the result surprisingly show that they understand the order of the information. 8.An extended section of the film discusses how children learn new words. Explain the point(s) illustrated by the following examples: -The child who calls his own dog ââ¬Å"Nunuâ⬠, then applies the word Nunu to several other things (another dog, cow, slippers, salad) : Overgeneralization ââ¬â ââ¬Å"The Gavagai Problemâ⬠(the big rabbit on a billboard) : Assumption ââ¬â Child labeling an item a flimmick, a closed flimmick and a spud : Child expects object labels to refer to the whole object ââ¬â Children discussing the meaning of the word ââ¬Å"aliveâ⬠and the one child deciding that a car must be ââ¬Å"aliveâ⬠A child picks out a category that is relevantly alike 9. The film moves to Papua New Guinea (home of 750 languages spoken by 3,000,000 people) and discusses language universals and then Universal Grammar. -What aspects of language are candidates for language universals? Subject, Object, Verb ââ¬â What are examples are presented in the film as evidence of Universal Grammar? There are certain kinds of mistake that children never seem to make. (ex. What did you eat your egg and?) 10. Explain what Chomsky means when he says that ââ¬Å"all children are pre-programmed in advance of experience; they know fixed, invariant structural principles of languageâ⬠. Capacity to learn language is deeply engraved in the mind and children are not taught language, they just do it.
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