Business Plan To Open A Retail Store Outlet Marketing Essay

Business Plan To Open A Retail Store Outlet Marketing Essay Bihar is a state in eastern India. It is the 12th largest state in terms of geographical size at 38,202 sq  mi (99,200  km ²) and 3rd largest by population. But close to 85 percent of the population lives in villages. Almost 58 percent of Bihar is are below the age of 25, which is the highest proportion in India. Bihar lies mid-way between the humid West Bengal in the east and the sub humid Uttar Pradesh in the west which provides it with a transitional position in respect of climate, economy and culture. It is bounded by the country of Nepal to the north and by Jharkhand to the south. The Bihar plain is divided into two parts by the river Gangs which flows through the middle from west to east. Bihar has notified forest area of 6,764.14  km which is 7.1 percent of its geographical area. Hindi and Urdu are the official languages of the state, whilst the majority of the people speak one of the BiharI languages Angika, Bhojpuri, Magadhi or Maithili. Ancient Bihar (which consisted of Anga (East Bihar), Videha (North Bihar), Magadha (South Bihar) and Vaishali (North Bihar)) was a center of power, learning and culture in ancient and classical India. From Magadha arose Indias first greatest empire, the Maurya Empire as well as one of the worlds most widely adhered-to religions, Buddhism. Magadha empires, notably under the Maurya and Gupta dynasties, unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule. Its capital Patna, earlier known as Pataliputra, was an important center of Indian civilization. Nalanda was a centre of learning established by the 5th century CE in Bihar. Today, Bihar lags behind the other Indian states in human and economic development terms, Economists and social scientists claim that this is a direct result of the skewed policies of the central government, such as the freight equalisation policy, its apathy towards Bihar, lack of Bihari sub-nationalism (resulting in no spokesperson for the state), and the Permanent Settlement of 1793 by the British East India Company. The current state government has however made significant strides in improving. Geography of Bihar Bihar is mainly a vast stretch of very fertile flat land. It is drained by the Ganges River, including northern tributaries Gandak and Koshi originating in the Nepal Himalayas and the Bagmati originating in the Kathmandu Valley that regularly flood parts of the Bihar plains. The total area covered by the state of Bihar is 94,163  km ². the state is located between 21 °-58-10 N ~ 27 °-31-15 N latitude and between 82 °-19-50 E ~ 88 °-17-40 E longitude. Its average elevation above sea level is 173  feet (53  m). The Bihar plain is divided into two unequal halves by the river Ganga which flows through the middle from west to east. Other Ganges tributaries are the Son, Budhi Gandak, Chandan, Orhani and Falgu. The Himalayas begin at foothills a short distance inside Nepal but influence Bihars landforms, climate, hydrology and culture. Central parts of Bihar have some small hills, for example the Rajgir hills. The Himalayan Mountains are to the north of Bihar, in Nepal. To t he south is the Chota Nagpur plateau, which was part of Bihar until 2000 but now is part of a separate state called Jharkhand. Bihar has notified forest area of 6,764.14  km ², which is 7.1 percent of its geographical area. Facts of Bihar Area: 38,202 sq km Population: 20645880. State code: 020 Independence: 15th August 1947 Republic day: 26th Jan 1950 INDIAN ECONOMY OVERVIEW India`s diverse economy encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of services. Services are the major source of economic growth, accounting for half of India`s output with less than one quarter of its labor force. About three-fifths of the work-force is in agriculture, leading the UPA government to articulate an economic reform program that includes developing basic infrastructure to improve the lives of the rural poor and boost economic performance. Government controls on foreign trade and investment have been reduced in some areas, but high tariffs (averaging 20% on non-agricultural items in 2009) and limits on foreign direct investment are still in place. The government in 2009 liberalized investment in the civil aviation, telecom, and construction sectors. Privatization of government-owned industries essentially came to a halt in 2009, and continues to generate political debate; continued social, p olitical, and economic rigidities hold back needed initiatives. The economy has posted an average growth rate of more than 7% in the decade since 1994, reducing poverty by about 10 percentage points. India achieved 7.6% GDP growth in 2009, significantly expanding manufacturing. India is capitalizing on its large numbers of well-educated people skilled in the English language to become a major exporter of software services and software workers. Despite strong growth, the World Bank and others worry about the combined state and federal budget deficit, running at approximately 9% of GDP; government borrowing has kept interest rates high. Economic deregulation would help attract additional foreign capital and lower interest rates. The huge and growing population is the fundamental social, economic, and environmental problem. INTRODUCTION TO RETAILING OF BIHAR Bihar Retail is the largest Retail Market in India in terms of population and social economic outline and Bihar s progressively rising excellence of life, a thriving wealth and customer marketplace creates it one of the newest targets for Retail section. Many big retailers first launched shops in the Indian capital. . The increasing insists for real estate by the retail brands, Retail Industry is position to develop by jump and bounce by 2010. North Bihar, South Bihar and Patna submarkets qualified maximum amount of forthcoming supply. About 19.7 million spaces are below special stages of completion. Patna and Patna submarket contains the maximum bring of beneath building stock, which will give about 5.6 million sq. ft. Organized Retail Space by the end of next year. Approximately 1.1 million sq. ft. of organized retail space has been rented this section, which is 33% higher to history section combination. Patna and Patna spectator Demand for prearranged retail space has greater than before mostly due to expansion of regional and national level retailing giants. Bihar Retail has one of the best in retail activity in the country. Taking the benefit of lack of Retail Space in Bihar, Most private builders are coming up with fresh Retail Projects in the area of south and North Bihar. In the middle of the Bihar submarkets, North and West Bihar have both proof about 10% raise, as other Bihar submarkets are fairly steady. INTRODUCTION TO MY RETAIL STORE (CONVENIENCE STORE) IN BIHAR I am going to open a convenience store in DISTRICT CENTRE near HERO HONDA show room in PATNA (BIHAR). The name of my store is SHAMAYA-FRESH. My store will sell fresh fruits and vegetables, staples, groceries, fresh juice bars and dairy products, FMCG, home, customer durable, food, with food accounting for the bulk of business. CONVENIENCE STORE: Convenience store provides a limited variety of assortments of merchandise at a convenient location in 2000-3000square/foot stores with speedy checkout. They are the modern version of the neighborhood mom and pop grocery general store.Convienence stores enable customers to make purchase quickly without having to search through a large store and wait in long checkout line .over half the items brought are consume within 30 minutes of purchase. Due to their small size and high sales convenient stores typically received delivery every day. They offer limited assortments and variety. Milk, eggs and bread once represented the majority of the sales, but now almost all convenience stores sell gasoline, which accounts for over 66% of annual sales. The second highest selling item is cigarettes, accounting for 14% of the sale.Convienence store operators also are tailoring their merchandise assortments to cater to the need of the local market. RETAIL ENVIRONMENT OF BIHAR BIHAR has been the attractive market in India for the consecutive year, although its appeal is starting to decline, according to a survey by management consulting company AT Kearney. A combination of increased consumption and an under-developed organized retail environment has made BIHAR an attractive destination for global retailer. However, BIHARs attractiveness has dropped from 100 to 92, on a scale of 100, this year. This is because new players have entered the market and the window of opportunity will get smaller over time. There is still significant opportunity, but the new players will have to deal with more competition, shrinking margins and more expensive real market. ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT OF BIHAR Bihar is Indias prosperous state with a per capita income of Rs. 11,650. The state has best infrastructural facilities available in the country. Major industries are manufacture of Sports Goods, Radio TV Parts, Plastic PVC Goods, Textiles, Chemicals, Fertilizers, Soft Drinks, Hand Machine tools, Leather Goods, Galvanizing Electroplating, and Printing etc. PricewaterhouseCoopers estimates suggest that the Bihar retail sector is worth USD350 billion and is growing at over 20 percent per annum. Bihar, as compared to other states, has been relatively insulated from the global economic slowdown. This is apparent when looking at Bihars consumer confidence levels, its GDP projections for the new fiscal year, investor confidence in response to recent election results, etc. While the retail sector will benefit from positive macroeconomic and microeconomic factors, it should be noted that retailers are not resting on their laurels. Four strategies that retailers are using in this environment to increase growth and generate efficiencies are: Improving operational effectiveness: Retail Consumer companies are focused on optimizing operations, streamlining the movement of goods and increasing efficiencies. Supply Chain-Efficient sourcing practices, managing inventory turns and overall supply chain management is important measures to improve profitability. The ability to measure and manage supply chain risks is essential to the success of retail operations. Renegotiating rental rates-Retail rental rates have declined in most major urban cities by 20 to 40 per cent. As a result, several India-based retailers have embarked upon discussions to renegotiate rental agreements. Focusing on rural India-Increasing rates of industrialization, coupled with the Governments decision to waive farm loan repayments, make rural India increasingly attractive. Companies looking to enter rural India are customizing marketing messages, packaging sizes and price points to suit rural consumers. While there are challenges associated with serving rural India (such as inadequate distribution networks, misconceptions about rural Indian consumers, etc.), companies remain bullish on growth potential. Launching private labels-Indian Retail Consumer companies are increasingly launching private labels in a range of categories to appeal to value-conscious consumers. While private label products may have a no frills approach in their packaging and marketing, they aim to satisfy Indian consumers value preferences. Indias retailers view private labels as a robust value proposition and are also witnessing double-digit growth rates in the sales of these products.    Rationalizing prices offering sales/promotions-Indian apparel retailers, for example, have been reducing prices on their merchandise in order to meet consumers expectations for better-priced products and to encourage volume-based sales. Other retailers are extending sales and other attractive promotional offers to move stock, increase footfalls and drive revenue. Sales, a main characteristic in retail in western markets, are increasingly being used in India since value-conscious consumers are demanding sales and prefer to wait for promotions before buying apparel, footwear, etc.    CUSTOMER SERVICES PROVIDED BY MY CONVENIENCE STORE (SHAMAYA-FRESH) Acceptability of credit cards. Child care facility. Credit. Delivery to home. Dressing room. Extended store hours. Facilities for shoppers with special needs (physically handicapped). Parking. Special order. Each and every customer is very important to us. So according to their need and requirement me provide them better services, so that we can make good brand image of our store (SHAMAYA-fresh). BUSINESS PLAN TO OPEN A RETAIL STORE OUTLET INTRODUCTION: My store is opened in 3000 sq/ft. located at very convenient place. According to the taste and preference of my consumers we are providing them fresh products. For the store we need different materials such as: furniture, computers, printers, swapping machine, internet etc. MISSION: To build a just and sustainable, locally oriented food system for my consumers in Bihar by providing them fresh products. VISSION: To become a branded retail store in the world. OBJECTIVES: -Raising, preparing and eating a great variety of fresh, local and healthful food is one of the regions common values. -No one needs to go beyond the region for a healthful diet.   -Food consumption is possible within walking distance of its production.   -From an early age we learn experientially where and how our food is raised.   -Regional food production ranges from a few large farms to many small farms to numerous public and private gardens to potted vegetables plants in downtown city apartments.   -Food processing centers focus on local production and distribution in order to supply institutions, restaurant and grocery stores.   -Our connections to food beyond the region, while minimal, provide security in the event of food emergency, as well as opportunity to trade for foods impractical to produce regionally.   MARKETING PLAN A marketing plan is very important while opening a retail store. By seeing the following needs we had made our plan they are: -The target market- the segment towards which the retailer plans to focus its resources and retail mix. -The format which we will use to satisfy the target markets needs (nature of Merchandise and services offered, pricing policy, advertising and promotion program, Approach to store design and visual merchandising, typical location). -The bases on which we will build a sustainable competitive advantage. The competition Which is not easily copied and thus can be maintained over a long period of time. ADVERTISEMENT: Through advertisement we will be able to attract more and more consumers towards us. We can adopt sales promotion for our retail store. We will target at our ultimate consumer. Will make use of a variety of formats: premiums, coupons, contests, etc, will attract attention, will offer strong purchase incentives, and will dramatize offers, will boost sagging sales, will stimulate quick response, Short-lived. Not effective at building long-term brand preferences. PRODUCT MANAGEMENT PLAN OF MY RETAIL STORE OUTLET As our younger generation is very diet conscious so taking in consideration to this point we have thought to open a convenient retail store in DISTRICT CENTRE. It is youth meeting place with lots of crowd. The products which will be available at my store are: FRESH MILK FRESH JUICE STAPLES GROCERIES DAILY PRODUCTS HOME PRODUCTS FMCG PRODUCTS FRESH FRUITS VEGETABLES CONSUMER DURABLE PRODUCTS According to the demand of our products we will increase our product line in market. OPERATIONAL PLAN OF MY RETAIL STORE OUTLET LOCATION OF MY CONVENIENCE STORE (SHAMAYA-FRESH): Three most important things in retailing are LOCAION, LOCATION, and LOCATION only. The location which I have chosen for my store is DISTRICT CENTRE where we see huge crowd every day. We will be able to attract more and customers. We are providing fresh products to our consumers to their suitable location. Each and every thing is easily available in that locality. LAYOUT: Best method of encouraging customer exploration is to present them with a layout that facilities a specific traffic pattern. Another method of helping customer move through the store is to provide interesting design elements. KEY SUPPLIERS: we have contacts the local vendors of that area to that we can easily provide the products to our consumers. Vendors approach is the best way of supply chain efficiency in which the vendors is responsible for maintaining the retailers inventory levels in each of the store. My consumers will get fresh products on their demand at any time on demand. STORE MANAGEMENT: store management is very important in every store. The responsibility of store managers are: managing employees, controlling costs, managing presentation, and providing customer service. Managing store employees: -Recruiting and selection. -Socializing and training. -Motivating Controlling costs: -Increasing labour productivity. -Reducing maintenance and energy costs. -Reducing inventory losses MERCHANDISING MANAGEMENT: According to merchandising management we will forecast our sales and develop assortment plans indicated in very general terms. We generally use staple merchandise items are continuously sold over a year. If there is greater the fluctuation in demand, the more backup stock is needed. FINANCIAL PLAN PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET Liabilities 1st year 2nd year Assets 1st year 2nd year Capital Fixed assets: Owners capital 1,75,000 1,75,000 Furniture 20,000 20,000 Liabilities Computer 25,010 20,000 Bank loan 3,75,000 3,50,000 Website development 25,000 28,000 Net profit 192990 587968 Current assets : Creditors 323287 Inventory 12,000 55,000 Prepaid courier exp 47,000 1,00,000 Prepaid Rent 53,000 60,000 Cash in hand bank 5,30,000 11,53,256 Deferred expenses 30,980 Total liabilities 7,42,990 14,36,256 Total assets 7,42,990 14,36,256 Total liability for 1st year: 7, 42,990 Total liability for 2nd year: 14, 36,256 Total assets for 1st year: 7, 42,990 Total assets for 2nd year: 14, 36,256 Financial plan is an integrated part of a retail market strategy. We have planned how we will invest our money in opening of our retail store. We have taken loan from HDFC bank at 8% interest. Sales growth will be aggressive the first 18 months as we sharpen our merchandise assortment, size scales, and stock levels to better meet our customers requirements. We anticipate a sales increase of 45% during our second year of operation. Marketing will continue to average 9% of total sales. We will invest residual profits into reducing debt and the lost income from large cash holdings. Our store expansion, while not a necessity, will be an option if sales projections are met and/or exceeded.

Politics in the English Language Essay

Miscommunication is often the result of modern prose which is most commonly used despite its vagueness because of its simplicity. According to George Orwell’s â€Å"Politics in the English Language,† these habits must be eliminated in order to think clearly, if not, language will continue to be used in corrupt ways by politicians. With poor language skills come poor thinking skills, making it easier for people to be manipulated by warped language. Ted Hughes â€Å"Words and Experience† expresses that words are inadequate and that it is very difficult to capture experience properly. The way in which Hughes and Orwell appeal to the problem of miscommunication are different; Orwell is critical while Hughes is sympathetic. In the paper â€Å"Politics in the English Language,† George Orwell appeals to logos to prove that the misuse of language is corruptly used by politicians for selfish purposes. Thought corrupts language and politicians manipulate language fo r their own selfish purposes. Words such as fascism and democracy are among those words due to their lack of a concrete meaning. Democracy is often associated with a positive meaning whereas fascism is associated with a negative meaning. As a result dishonest politicians use their own interpretation to twist the meaning of what they are trying to communicate. They have defended events such as the Russian purges and deportations, the British rule in India and the atomic bombing in Japan by using language consisting of â€Å"euphemisms, questionable begging and sheer cloudy vagueness† (Orwell 699). This language covers up all the details of the events and is a prime example of how thought corrupts language. Language is warped because of the way it is used to lie and manipulate people. Politicians use vague language to hide questionable acts which leads to poor language skills. Orwell states that â€Å"the slovenliness of our language makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts† (Orwell 691). He believes that poor language skills lead to poor thinking skills which are detrimental to society beca use people often accept the words of authority figures without thinking; they are not conscience of the meaning of the words being used. These bad language habits that Orwell indentifies are dying metaphors, pretentious diction and meaningless words; all of which are unnecessary and increase vagueness. This form of modern prose is easier therefore it is used commonly resulting in poor thinking skills. â€Å"The whole tendency of modern prose is away from concreteness† and  Ã¢â‚¬Å"consists in gumming together long strips of words which have already been set in order by someone else† (Orwell 697). Orwell suggests that the problem is cyclical; vague language leads to the inability to think for oneself and the inability to think leads to miscommunication. Orwell uses logos to identify the problem and treats it with a critical tone however, believes that it can be fixed â€Å"if one is willing to take the necessary trouble† (Orwell 691). Ted Hughes and George Orwell share similar views on the misuse of language however Hughes uses different points to convey the message in his essay â€Å"Words and Ex perience.† Hughes states that words are tools and that it is difficult to choose the correct words to capture experiences. He uses the metaphor â€Å"A word is its own little solar system of meanings† (Hughes 120) because there is a vast amount of words to choose from and the process is often overcomplicated. Too much time spent thinking of the correct words to use causes people to miss the experience all together. Finding the right word requires a fine balance therefore words should not be used casually. Without this balance, words tend to inhibit the simplest descriptions such as â€Å"the infinite depth of crowiness in the crow’s flight† (Hughes 122). In this case, all words can be used for are indicators and general directives. Swiss psycho-analyst Jung believes that people know how to use words properly but have to quiet down to get what is inside their conscience. Although Hughes writes in a hopeful tone he believes that words are inadequate in describing experience. If and when a balance is found and words match experience, that is poetry. His view and solution are effectively communicated in using a sympathetic tone. George Orwell and Ted Hughes both attack the problem of the misuse of language effectively. With similar goals, both are equally able to convey the same points while appealing to different aspects and emotions. George Orwell’s â€Å"Politics in the English Language,† appeals to logos while criticizing the way unclear language is used corruptly by politicians. He adequately shows how people are easily manipulated by warped language because poor language skills lead poor thinking skills. Ted Hughes appeals to logos by using a sympathetic tone to convey the message that words are inadequate and it is very difficult to capture experience in his essay â€Å"Words and Experience.† The problem of miscommunication found in modern  prose is the result of vagueness and must be fixed. This is difficult because of the bad habits formed and its simplicity, however it can be fixed if one takes the initiative.

Get the Scoop on Argumentative Essay Topics for Gun Control Before Youre Too Late

Get the Scoop on Argumentative Essay Topics for Gun Control Before You're Too Late The Supreme Strategy for Argumentative Essay Topics for Gun Control The cost of an essay depends upon the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. It's an argumentative essay which means that you have to have a point of view and argue the case for this position. Tell the reader why you feel the way that you do and give a concise review of what was discussed in the duration of your essay. Of course you shouldn't ever plagiarize such essays but they're definitely a great aid in understanding the many points and seeing how other writers structure their essay to attain their conclusions. Philosophy essays have a tendency to receive your suggestions to structure and ideas with argumentative essay. Writing, for those who have an excellent introduction in a fantastic resource of scholarship opportunities at this time. You will nonetheless use the info provided here, but you could need to correct the format for MLA 8. Research is extremely important whenever doing an argumentative essay of any sort. It's also essential to note that guns play an important part in selfdefense. Gun owners are a lot more likely to reside in rural locations. Gun show loopholes have to be stopped. The well-known gun show loophole is merely a chimera a widely-accepted con. Gun control laws would decrease the societal costs related to gun violence. It doesn't have to mean no guns. Perhaps it isn't gun control they are trying to find. Logically, there has to be a control somewhere. You're making an argument about the subject of gun control. The exact same thing, topics, it wise to receive your position. As you may develop an opinion which goes in 1 direction or the other, it's imperative that you take some time to read everybody's view so you can be sure you're really going to select the side that you believe in the most. Rather, the question should be whether it's the perfect action to do. The main reason why the thought of crime exists is due to the presence of the law in first spot. To put it differently since there are criminals, they will always discover a way to get a gun or guns. Evidently, everyone wants a stop to gun violence, it's something which has been plaguing the world since the introduction of the very first gun. A variety of people own guns, for all sorts of reasons. What Does Argumentative Essay Topics for Gun Control Mean? Such regional experimentation with firearm regulations couldn't come at the expense of inroads on fundamental constitutional rights. Just ensure that you truly believe in what you're doing so it will actually hold merit. These critical pieces of legislation proved morally needed. Naturally, there are different laws, which NRA members might or might not be quite as eager to support. Argumentative Essay Topics for Gun Control - Dead or Alive? Whenever you choose to ask us for skilled aid, don't hesitate to speak to our suppo rt managers. A seasoned professional will make an error-free assignment right away and can help you boost your grades. There are a lot of gun control facts out there and you'll see that the world wide web is just one of the greatest places for you to go to as a way to begin gathering information. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, in addition to make sure you are getting the very best service our business can deliver. Hence, gun control issues continue to be primarily the topic of Congressional legislation. Federal gun control policy is not any different. The issue isn't people with mental health difficulties. Sometimes there are issues with the law. Though regulations change from state to state, there are a couple of important conditions for obtaining guns in the usa. The situation is very dire in Florida. Some of the most rabid commentators on either side of the problem actually make great pointsyou just need to get past all the screaming. Even in the event the deadline is truly tight, feel free to get hold of our managers. How you opt to voice your opinion on gun control matters is totally up to you. Just don't forget that in the event that you have to ask yourself what is gun control, then you don't know enough about the issue in order to weigh in with an opinion. The most important thing with controversial topics is that you could narrow it to a certain point, but there's a web of related topics to addresseven in case you merely touch on them briefly. Enacting gun control laws like mandatory security features would decrease the range of accidental gun deaths.

Geography of the Worlds Largest Oil Spills

On April 20, 2010, a large oil spill began in the Gulf of Mexico after an explosion on a British Petroleum (BP) oil drilling rig there called Deepwater Horizon. In the weeks following the oil spill, the news was dominated by depictions of the spill and its growing size as oil continued to leak from an underwater well and pollute the Gulf of Mexicos waters. The spill harmed wildlife, damaged fisheries and severely hurt the overall economy of the Gulf region. The Gulf of Mexico oil spill was not fully contained until late July 2010 and throughout the duration of the spill it was estimated that 53,000 barrels of oil per day were leaked into the Gulf of Mexico. In total almost 5 million barrels of oil were released which makes it the largest accidental oil spill in the worlds history.Oil spills like the one in the Gulf of Mexico are not uncommon and many other oil spills have occurred in the worlds oceans and other waterways in the past. The following is a list of fifteen major oil spills (Gulf of Mexico included) that have taken place around the world. The list is organized by the final amount of oil that entered waterways. 1) Gulf of Mexico/BP Oil Spill †¢ Location: Gulf of Mexico†¢ Year: 2010†¢ Amount of Oil Spilled in Gallons and Liters: 205 million gallons (776 million liters) 2) Ixtoc I Oil Well †¢ Location: Gulf of Mexico†¢ Year: 1979†¢ Amount of Oil Spilled in Gallons and Liters: 140 million gallons (530 million liters) 3) Atlantic Empress†¢ Location: Trinidad and Tobago†¢ Year: 1979†¢ Amount of Oil Spilled in Gallons and Liters: 90 million gallons (340 million liters)4) Fergana Valley†¢ Location: Uzbekistan†¢ Year: 1992†¢ Amount of Oil Spilled in Gallons and Liters: 88 million gallons (333 million liters)5) ABT Summer†¢ Location: 700 nautical miles from Angola (3,900 km)†¢ Year: 1991†¢ Amount of Oil Spilled in Gallons and Liters: 82 million gallons (310 million liters)6) Nowruz Field Platform†¢ Location: Persian Gulf†¢ Year: 1983†¢ Amount of Oil Spilled in Gallons and Liters: 80 million gallons (303 million liters)7) Castillo de Bellver†¢ Location: Saldanha Bay, South Africa†¢ Year: 1983†¢ Amount of Oil Spilled in Gallons and Liters: 79 million gallons (300 million liters)8) Amoco Cadiz†¢ Location: Brittany, France†¢ Year: 1978†¢ Amount of Oil Spilled in Gallons and Liters: 69 million gallons (261 million lite rs)9) MT Haven†¢ Location: Mediterranean Sea near Italy†¢ Year: 1991†¢ Amount of Oil Spilled in Gallons and Liters: 45 million gallons (170 million liters)10) Odyssey†¢ Location: 700 nautical miles (3,900 km) off of Nova Scotia, Canada†¢ Year: 1988†¢ Amount of Oil Spilled in Gallons and Liters: 42 million gallons (159 million liters)11) Sea Star†¢ Location: Gulf of Oman†¢ Year: 1972†¢ Amount of Oil Spilled in Gallons and Liters: 37 million gallons (140 million liters)12) Morris J. Berman†¢ Location: Puerto Rico†¢ Year: 1994†¢ Amount of Oil Spilled in Gallons and Liters: 34 million gallons (129 million liters)13) Irenes Serenade†¢ Location: Navarino Bay, Greece†¢ Year: 1980†¢ Amount of Oil Spilled in Gallons and Liters: 32 million gallons (121 million liters)14) Urquiola†¢ Location: A Coruà ±a, Spain†¢ Year: 1976†¢ Amount of Oil Spilled in Gallons and Liters: 32 million gallons (121 million lit ers)15) Torrey Canyon†¢ Location: Isles of Scilly, United Kingdom†¢ Year: 1967†¢ Amount of Oil Spilled in Gallons and Liters: 31 million gallons (117 million liters)These were some of the largest oil spills to take place around the world. Smaller oil spills that have been equally as damaging have also taken place throughout the late 20th century. For example, the Exxon-Valdez oil spill in 1989 was the largest spill in United States history. It occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska and spilled around 10.8 million gallons (40.8 million liters) and impacted 1,100 miles (1,609 km) of coast.br/>To learn more about large oil spills visit NOAAs Office of Response and Restoration.References Hoch, Maureen. (2 August 2010). New Estimate Puts Gulf Oil Leak at 205 Million Gallons - The Rundown News Blog - PBS News Hour - PBS. Retrieved from: https://web.archive.org/web/20100805030457/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2010/08/new-estimate-puts-oil-leak-at-49-million-barrels.html National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (n.d.). Incident News: 10 Famous Spills. Retrieved from: http://www.incidentnews.gov/famousNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2004, September 1). Major Oil Spills - NOAAs Ocean Service Office of Response and Restoration. Retrieved from: http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/index.phpTelegraph. (2010, April 29). Major Oil Spills: The Worst Ecological Disasters - Telegraph. Retrieved from: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/environment/7654043/Major-oil-spills-the-worst-ecological-disasters.htmlWikipedia. (2010, May 10). List of Oil Spills- Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oil_spills